How To Write a Left Outer Join with the WHERE Clause?

If you don't want to use the LEFT OUTER JOIN ... ON clause to write a left outer join, you can
use a special criteria in the WHERE clause as "left_table.column = right_table.column(+)". The
select statement below is an example of a left outer join written with the WHERE clause:
SQL> set NULL 'NULL'
SQL> SELECT d.department_name, e.first_name, e.last_name
FROM departments d, employees e
WHERE d.manager_id = e.employee_id(+);
DEPARTMENT_NAME FIRST_NAME LAST_NAME
-------------------- ------------------------- ------------------
Administration Jennifer Whalen
Marketing Michael Hartstein
Purchasing Den Raphaely
Human Resources Susan Mavris
Shipping Adam Fripp
IT Alexander Hunold
......
Treasury NULL NULL
Corporate Tax NULL NULL
Control And Credit NULL NULL
Shareholder Services NULL NULL
Benefits NULL NULL
Manufacturing NULL NULL
......
Note that a left outer join may return extra rows from the first (left) table that do not satisfy the join
condition. In those extra rows, columns from the second (right) table will be given null values.
The extra rows returned from the left outer join in this example represents departments that have
no manager IDs.